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Convection involves the movement of a fluid (such as air or liquid) to transport heat. This mechanism can be natural (driven by buoyancy forces due to density differences) or forced (enhanced by fans or pumps). In forced convection, for example, a fan pushes cool air over a heated component, thereby increasing the rate of heat transfer. The efficiency of convection depends on factors such as fluid velocity, viscosity, and the geometry of the system. Radiation transfers heat in the form of electromagnetic waves. Unlike conduction and convection, radiation does not require a medium and can occur in a vacuum. All objects emit infrared radiation depending on their temperature. Although radiation plays a smaller role in many electronics applications compared to conduction and convection, it is critical in high-temperature or vacuum environments, such as in space applications.
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